blog.teemu.im

Recently, I found myself in need of a web server that I can use to simulate a behavior of a certain website. I wanted to just copy the output of that website and deliver it using this web server. The problem was that serving static content is naturally way faster than serving dynamic web application, so for my simulation I needed to make the web server wait for a certain period of time before returning the static file. Being a Python fan I decided to use Tornado as the web server. Now, all I needed to do is slow it down.

Ok, I could just simply do this…

time.sleep(0.5)

… to make my server wait half a second before returning, but since Tornado is using asynchronous networking and hence runs in a single thread, this would block all other requests made to my server. Not good…

I need to do this asynchronously. Here is an example on how this can be done with Tornado without blocking.

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import time
 
import tornado.web
import tornado.ioloop
 
class RequestHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
 
    def _finish_request(self):
        self.finish()
 
    @tornado.web.asynchronous
    def get(self):
        ioloop = tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance()
        ioloop.add_timeout(time.time() + 0.5, self._finish_request)
        self.add_header("Content-Type", "text/plain")
        self.write("Hello, world")

So, this is an example of an asynchronous Tornado request handler that will wait for half a second before returning and will not block other requests while doing that. Here we are using decorator tornado.web.asynchronous on line 11 to tell Tornado that this request should not be returned immediately and we need to call tornado.web.RequestHandler.finish() on our own. The timeout is implemented by calling tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.add_timeout() method which is given a callback method that will finish the request.

Now, the problem with this is that, if I need other request handlers to do the same thing, I would need to copy paste this peace of code all over the place. And I don’t like that. We can do this bit more elegantly by using Python decorators. By writing a decorator we can avoid duplicating the same code to every request handler. This is how the same example will look using a decorator.

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import tornado.web
import tornado.decorators
 
class RequestHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
 
    @tornado.decorators.wait_for(milliseconds=500)                                               
    def get(self):                                                            
        self.set_header("Content-Type", "text/plain")                         
        self.write("Hello, world")

Looks nice and clean. Doesn’t it? Well, the complex part has been moved now to the decorator tornado.decorators.wait_for. Let’s look now how we can implement that.

tornado/decorators.py

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import time
 
from functools import partial
 
from tornado.web import asynchronous
from tornado.ioloop import IOLoop
 
def wait_for(milliseconds=0):
    def _finish_request(request, start_time):
        timeout = (time.time() - start_time) * 1000.0
	request.write("\n\nServer waited for %.3f ms" % timeout)
        request.finish()
    def _decorator(func):
	func = asynchronous(func)
        def _wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
            ioloop = IOLoop.instance()
            callback = partial(_finish_request, args[0], time.time())
            ioloop.add_timeout(time.time() + milliseconds / 1000.0, callback)
            func(*args, **kwargs)
	return _wrapper
    return _decorator

Here I have implemented the decorator wait_for that takes the number of milliseconds to wait as a parameter. Let’s start from line 13 where the actual decorator is implemented. Decorator’s parameter is always the function that is being decorated. You can think of this…

@my_decorator
def my_function():
    // do something

…being same as this…

def my_function():
    // do something
my_function = my_decorator(my_function)

Now, on line 14 decorate the function with Tornado’s tornado.web.asynchronous decorator. Just like we did in the first example. So that our request does not return before we call tornado.web.RequestHandler.finish(). Then on line 15 we write a wrapper method that adds the timeout and callback to tornado.ioloop.IOLoop and after that calls the original function that we are decorating. The trickiest part here probably is that we need to give our callback function some parameters and Tornado’s add_timeout method only takes the callback function as the parameter. For that we use Python’s functools.partial to generate the callback and give some parameters to it on line 17.

To conclude the blog post here is a complete example of a script that you can test this with. You need to create the tornado/decorators.py using the code above for this to work.

http_server.py

import time
 
import tornado.httpserver
import tornado.ioloop
import tornado.web
 
from tornado.decorators import wait_for
 
 
class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
 
    @wait_for(milliseconds=500)
    def get(self):
        self.set_header("Content-Type", "text/plain")
        self.write("Hello, world")
 
application = tornado.web.Application([(r"/", MainHandler)])
 
if __name__ == "__main__":
    http_server = tornado.httpserver.HTTPServer(application)
    http_server.listen(8080)
    tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()

If everything goes right your server should return something like this…

Hello, world
 
Server waited for 500.371 ms

I was sort of porting PySQLite for Python2.5 since I got couple of requests from people who needed that to use SQLite in their Maemo Python applications. I had already packaged PySQLite and I was just accidentally going through the sources of Pymaemo and I noticed that Python2.5 package depends on libsqlite3. I was sort of wondering why that is and only then I remembered that SQLite3 support is there in Python2.5 by default. The sqlite3 module documentation shows good examples on how to use it.

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